Civil engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Civil plan - Essay ExampleAll the facilities and infrastructures that we use in our everyday activities are works of civil engineers and thusly the discipline can be regarded as one of the oldest profession (Agrawal and Dill, 76-82).The field of civil engineering has been improving over the years. The improvement has been possible first callable to the development of technology and through building innovatively on the previous works. As the field develops, it has been focusing attention on solving the present challenges in the lives of men. I have chosen civil engineering because it gives me a chance to join the group of innovators and developers who design and build the best and most significant features in the world. cosmos an engineer has always been my dream throughout school. I always enjoyed as buildings grew from a bare ground, and roads and highways traversed a previously wild area. This always make me feel the urge to be part of the development. In high school, I was keen to notice excellence in physics and mathematics was the way to achieving my dream.The of import aspect of the discipline that interests me most is the innovativeness that is encouraged in civil engineering. Different from architecture, in civil engineering there is more that drawing of designs. There is the factual touch of the work and appreciation of results. Civil engineers are capable of assessing the needs of the population better and implement solutions through designing and building of what the population needs. excessively this, civil engineering will allow me to travel to many places and meet many different kinds of people and cultures which has always been my hobby.One of the grand challenges in engineering today is the restoration and improvement of urban infrastructure. Urban transport and other fundamental life supporting systems are facing a challenge link to the increasing urban population. Moreover, the infrastructure in many cities is slowly aging and failing a s a result. It is

The Spreading Disease of Diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Spreading Disease of Diabetes - Essay Example186,300, or 0.22% of population below 20 years of period suffers from diabetes. 0.25% children and adolescents possess type 1 diabetes. Prediabetic individuals in the age range of 12-19 years be around 2 million adolescents (5% obese adolescents). After the age of 20 years, 23.5 million, or 10.7% of on the whole population experience diabetes. 12.2 million, or 23.1% elderly population having age greater than or equal to 60 years suffers from diabetes. 12.0 million, or 11.2% of all men and 11.5 million, or 10.2% of all women older 20 years or older have diabetes (National Diabetes Statistics, 2007). The certain populations have a higher prevalence of diabetes due to specific genetic traits leading to race and ethnic differences in diabetic rates such as 6.6% of non-Hispanic whites, 7.5% of Asian Americans, 11.8% of non-Hispanic blacks, and 10.4% of Hispanics (among Hispanics 8.2% Cubans, 11.9% Mexican Americans, and 12.6% Puerto Ri cans). Diabetic rates mentioned are after the age of 20 years (National Diabetes Statistics, 2007). Diabetes is broadly classified into two types Type I Diabetes and Type II Diabetes. Type I diabetes is juvenile or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and almost 10% of all diabetic cases are dependent on insulin for their survival. Other 90% cases display type II diabetes caused due to decreased insulin levels and/or insulin resistance (American Diabetes Association, 2002). Type II diabetes is mainly caused by passive still stressed lifestyle leading to onset of diabetes in obese children and middle aged individuals and also called as and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (World Health Organisation, 1999). The genetic as well as environmental factors causes malfunctioning of the insulin functioning or secretion. Normal blood glucose levels are dependent on circulating insulin levels, counterregulatory

Effects of Mobile Phones on Studies Essay Example for Free

Effects of Mobile Phones on Studies EssayAbstractMobile phones be rapidly growing technology each(prenominal) over the world. According to newborn United Nations report 60% of the world has rambling phones. People of any age using it for interaction and other purposes peculiarly the students. They use it for interaction and entertainment etc. as industrious phones have advantages it also have disadvantages and its effecting the students tuition. This study was conducted to determine the impact of busys on the education of students. The methodological analysis of questionnaire was used to collect data. A small example size of 100 students was taken from different colleges and universities of Lahore with the technique of simple random sample. And then the collected sample was analyzed on SPSS 20. Most of the students claimed that they uses the mobile phones to interact with friends and even teachers, they use it for entertainment whenever they get bored and even they use the mobile phone during their conjure up also.Keywords Mobile Phones Education school environment University PakistanIntroductionMobile Phones argon widely growing technology all around the world especially in developing countries, and are becoming a social symbol as well. According to the new United Nations report, now 60% of the world has mobile phones and in 2002 only 14% of the world had any kind of mobile phones. People especially our y turn uph are doing its extensive use, they are using it for entertainment, interaction with friends and family, acquisition purposes, and for internet etc. too. Mobile phones are removing distances among people now they are no need of landlines or any other kind of communicating artificial lake (fax, latter, e-mail etc.). Mobiles are becoming a part of life now a day. As technology changing rapidly, the technology of mobile is also changing. The new mobiles with new advance technology have many new and attractive features for its users. Mobil e phones have many advantages and disadvantages as well. Our youth uses the mobile phones as courier and spend their whole day in messaging and calls.Read moreEffects of Cell Phone AddictionThe so much use of mobile phone also causes of many diseases and other problems as well like economical, educational, political, social and in professional life and it has been proved from the previous look fores about the do of mobile phones. There are already many researches have been conducted about the personal effects of mobile phone. In our research we will try to limit out how mobile phones are affecting ones educational life, either its because of its advance technology or its extensive use. Students use so much of mobile phones that it effects their grades as they cannot completely concentrate on their studies.Mobile phones are also effecting schools environment as students spend their time in reservation short message service (SMS) taking photos even without knowing the friends and sometimes also of the faculty. Even the school/college administrator thinks that the mobile should be bane in school. Mobile also have advantages as parents have security about their children if anybody in college/university gets late they can inform their parents. This study was conducted to determine how much mobiles are effecting our students education and how we can overcome from this problem. Mobile companies are giving them different calls and messages packages then how can we aware our students not to spoil their time on mobile as this is the time when they can make their future.Literature ReviewThere are many studies which suggest that mobile phones are effecting our youths education and their grades badly. Mobiles are not even effecting the youths education it also affecting the schools environment. In an essay on internet sakazaki4693 (2009) HYPERLINK l sakazaki4693 1 suggests that mobile phone should be banned in schools as students always seems to look busy in short m essage service (SMS) multimedia system message service (MMS) taking photographs of friends and faculty even without knowing them and many more. It wastes so much of their time. In an research paper Olofinniyi OE et al. (2012) HYPERLINK l OEO12 1 prpposed that mobiles phones are effecting secondary schools Academic performance and they concluded that mobiles are not effecting their performance but also introducing some negative habits in studs like use mobile during lecture or in library which lacking their performance, so parents and administration should discourage thm to use mobile phone.Research MethodologyThis study was conducted with an aim to find the aspects of mobile phone usage among Pakistani users. The purpose of this study was to find that how mobile phones are effecting the grades and education of students. The methodology of questionnaire was used to collect the responses. The students of universities and colleges were taken as population with the technique of simp le random sampling. From the selected population 100 students were selected as sample out of which 80 students responded back thus the response rate of this research is 80%. And then SPSS 20 was used to analyse the collected data.ReferencesBibliography x Bibliography x 1 sakazaki4693. (2009, February) www.studymode.com. Online. HYPERLINK http//www.studymode.com/essays/Schools-Should-Ban-The-Use-Of-192766.html http//www.studymode.com/essays/Schools-Should-Ban-The-Use-Of-192766.html 2 Olofinniyi OE, Fashiku Co, Fashiku BC, and Owombo Pt, Access to GSM and Students Academic performance in Secondary School of Osun State,

Magazine articles Essay Example for Free

Magazine articles EssayThis paper summarizes two articles related to physics. One, written by Appell David, discussing the possibility of our planet Earth, being ingested by sun, ultimately. Second, is a refresheds item, on the largest Neutrino Telescopic being built at the south Pole. Both articles have appeared in the magazine, scientific discipline Daily. In the first article, the writer claims that the scientific community believes that the sun is expanding making itself more brighter. After billions of years, it would expand so much that it would engulf earth. To be precise, About 7. 6 billion years from now, the sun willreach its maximum size as a red giant its mount will extend beyond Earths orbit today by 20 percent and will shine 3,000 times brighter. In its concluding stage, the sun will collapse into a white dwarf . ( David Appell) This theory was disagreed on the basis that, as Sun expands, it will be loosing on its mass, and due that the gravitation force wil l also be reduced. Hence, as the gravitation force reduces, Earth will be drifting away from Sun, and hence, maybe fitting to escape the engulfment. However, recent calculations, based on the perturbation theory, released by ItalysNational Institute of Nuclear Physics, by Lorenzo Lorio, tend to agree with this theory. The factor that tends believability to his argument is not his number game, but his statement that as Sun loses mass and expands, its rotation must also slow down. This is known as angular momentum, in simple terms. Due to this angular momentum, there will be a huge tidal bow on suns surface, and its gravitational pull will engulf Earth. Hence, all gossamer bodies, within a distance of 1. 5 AU will be engulfed. This article throws a new light on our futuristic cosmic vision, using principle of physics,which quite old. Now, the concept of angular momentum, can be used to depict the future of celestial bodies also. This was not the case so far. The second article is a news report, on work being done University of Delaware, in the South pole, regarding erection of adult males largest neutrino telescope. Neutrino, is one of the fundamental constituents of matter, they have no charge and interact very weakly, so they can travel millions of miles by space. They can pass through planets also. The working principle of this telescope is radically different from the conventional ones.consists of kilometer-long strings of 60 optical detectors frozen more than a mile deep in the Antarctic ice like beads on a necklace. Atop each string of deep detectors sits a pair of 600-gallon Ice-Top tanks, each containing two optical detectors. (Science news) The ice-top detectors measure the particles that are generated by the high-energy cosmic rays that are continuously being showered from the cosmos, towards earth. Whenever a flash of light is detected, the nearby laboratory receives the communication, and its propagation is traced. This genesis could be way an exploding star or a the black hole.The learning derived from this news report is the drastic pace at which research methods are changing and being innovated upon. This new research method, of mounting a telescope beneath the ocean, may change the definition of telescope also, because, conventionally. , a telescope is a dick on the surface of Earth, facing the skies It also reminds us of the never ending human thirst for acquisition of knowledge, in all spheres, including the terrestrial space. To quench this thirst, he constantly keeps on deriving and experimenting with new means and methods.Renaissance, and the subsequent development of subordinate equipment systems, ahs changed the very way we live our lives References 1) Appell David, ( September 2008), The sun will eventually engulf Earth-maybe, retrieved on 11 December 2008 from http//www. sciam. com/article. cfm? id=the-sun-will-eventually-engulf-earth- maybe 2) Science news, ( 11 December 2008) Building worlds largest Neutrino Telescope at South Pole, Science Daily, retrieved on 12 December 2008 from http//www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2008/12/081209221746. htm

Surma People and sociology Essay Example for Free

Surma People and sociology EssaySuri people have a cattle-centered culture, the wealth of a family is measured by the number of animals owned. Usually the animals are not eaten unless a big ceremony takes place. The animals are used for milk and blood which they both drink. sometimes Suri warriors are preparing a mixture of cattle blood and milk for a ceremonial rite called cow bleeding.Suri women are seen as the dominant gender inside the culture, and seem to rule the roost and have a lot of say in daily activities. Further more than, they also breach lip plates ascending in size dependant on their role and how well known they are. For instance, the bigger the plate the more well known and affluential they are towards the culture. The girls lower lip is rationalize when she reaches the days 15 or 16, and then pierced by her mother or another muliebrity of her settlement and a simple wooden plug is inserted. The cut is held open by the wooden plug until the wound heals. Aft er that the plug is replaced by a bigger one. Nowadays the girls in some Surma settlements decide for themselves whether to wear a lip plate or not. However, wearing a lip plate is still an expression of social adulthood and self-esteem for a Suri charr and demonstrates respect for the men.The Suri tribe is used to conflict, like for example the constant conflict with the neighboring Nyangatom tribe over land and cattle. The Suri culture demands that the men are proficient as warriors as well as cattle herders. Stick-fighting events take place to train boys and young men and also to allow them to meet women. As a result the Ethiopian government banned the stick fights, which now have to take place secretly and without presence of touristIn Tulgit and Kibish you find more children by the riverbank waiting for photos in the afternoon. The usage of flowers for decoration is a wonderfulhabit of the children. The kids decorate themselves with flowers, blossoms and green plants they ca n find everywhere about the villages. However, as nice as it looks, the decoration with the flowers is not an old tradition, you cannot see this kind of decoration in remote Suri villages. The kids, also the boys, are doing it for photos and for getting a little money. But anyway it is beautiful and remarkable. Especially the boys are very creative, they climb any tree they find and make bizarre faces or funny poses just to attract the tourists for a photoThey raise cattle and farm when the land is fertile. Cattle are important to the Suri, as it is a status. In rescript for a man to marry women in Surma (Suri ) tribe, he must own at least 60 cattle and Cattle are given to the family of the woman in exchange for marriage.Like the other Omo Valley tribes and Massia, the Surma will use the milk and blood from the cow. During the dry season, the people will drink blood kinda of milk. Blood can be drained from a cow once a month. This is done by making a small incision in its neck . Their villages normally range in size from 40 to 1,000 people, but a few may reach 2,500 people. Village life is largely communal, sacramental manduction the produce of the cattle. Though their chiefs (styled komaro) may wear the fur crown of a pagan priest-king, they are merely the most respected elder in a village and they can be removed. Few Surma are familiar with Amharic, the official language of Ethiopia, and their literacy level is very low.In the words of G.P. Murdock The family is a social chemical group characterized by common residence, economic cooperation and reproduction. It contains adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship, and one or more children, own or adopted, of the sexually cohabiting adults.Comparing Murdocks nuclear family to the research I believe that the main things to consider is that there is no economic unit regarding husbands and wives, there is no sharing of the residence between husbands and wive s, only the women within their supporting kinship groups lived with children and any relationship affection from the man was taboo and resister by the kinshipgroup. To expand, the two main reasons as to why Murdocks theory is not correct is1) The nuclear family is not universal.A number of societies have very contrasting domestic arrangements to those he describes. Take K Goughs research into the The Surma people. In terms of Murdocks definition, this society does not possess a family since fathers do not share a common residence. Matrifocal, female-headed families are also an exception, not to mention Gay families who do not conform to Murdocks definition because they do not contain adults of both sexes.2) The family is not necessarily functional for all family members. Murdock ignores the dark side of the family domestic abuse, violence and sexual abuse,

A case study on a domestic violence intervention

A skid study on a domestic fury interventionWorking with IndividualsAGENCY PROFILEThe pupil societal worker is placed with Bharatiya Mahila Federation (BMF). Bharatiya Mahila Federation (BMF) is an all-India organization womens mass organization, working with the victims of interior(prenominal) Violence. BMF was established by m whatsoever(prenominal) leaders including Aruna Asaf Ali. Mahila Samasya Nivaaran Kendras (Family Counseling Centers for Women) be located in Thane, Kalyan, and Bhiwandi. In the purview of socially relevant issues, it also takes care of the direction of the slum children by means of a non-formal approach towards learning, under the name of Disha Classes. BMF has vigorously campaigned against female foeticide. It is also working in tandem with Malati Vaidya Trust to start a Resource Center in Ganeshwadi, Badlapur.The student works with the Family counsel Center in Thane. The center is run by para-professionals, some of whom were themselves victims at some microscope stage in time.CASEFor the purpose of explanation of the various aspects of working with individuals, the student for labour like to mention the subject area of a 30 year overaged women named Sanaa (name changed). Sanaa is Muslim by religion and was married off at the age of 26 as her husbands second wife. He remarried after broad divorce to his first wife. Sanaa is residing with her parents, br different and sister-in-law in Mumbra. She has four children. The first two are twin daughters and one of them named Aalia(name changed) is intellectually challenged because of the injuries inflicted on Sanaa during pregnancy. The other daughter named Nazia was forcefully taken away by her father Khalid with him since unlike the first daughter she is normal. Clearly, the father has leftfield the entire responsibility of the child who is intellectually- challenged on the mother, with issue giving any maintenance from his side. The third child, who is a boy, Na controlr ( name changed), is physically challenged and nookyt walk normally. The fourth child, Ali, is 7 months and is chronically ill has been infirmaryized many times.Sanaa approached the agencys Family Counselling Centre. She complained of being beaten up by her husband, brother-in-law and sister-in-law and the atrocities committed against her at the time of her pregnancy. Due to the injuries, she had a miscarriage the first time she got pregnant.The agency wanted the trainee to do a home-visit and verify the facts. The home visit revealed that the client is staying in a chawl in unhygienic conditions. The trainee interviewed the client and her mother. Her husband has refused to accept her and the children back and wants a divorce, only if Sanaa wants to stay with him. Her husband has put a condition that he will let her get down back only if she and her family give in writing that they will non file a police complaint against him and will non approach any NGO/agency for boost help as they did earlier. Sanaa wants to be with him despite all the physical and mental tortures that her husband makes her go through with(predicate). She does not wish to burden her parents with her and her childrens responsibility. As far as her education his concerned, she has obtained education till the secondary level. Before conglutination, she used to teach kids of the primary level. The trainee tried to counsel her that staying with her husband would not change her conditions. Instead she should file a case on him demanding maintenance for herself and her kids. The trainee also suggested that she takes up a bloodline. Before a case could be filed, the trainee paid a visit to her husband to come for a run across at the agency but he refused to all efforts of negotiation and said that he will confront her directly in the court.Later on, when the student called her up to know her decision ab come in filing the case, she said she was ready to go ahead with it. Hence, she was aske d to come for the meeting with the agencys advocate on the given date. The advocate asked the trainee to submit Sanaas case history so that the petition could be filed in the court.The student social worker also count on out that Sanaas case has a swarm of scope of medical intervention apart from help at the legal level. While the trainee was planning the further course of action for the case, the client took up a teaching job in a neighbourhood school in her locality. This indeed came as a happy news for the trainee as it reflected that mere triggering an idea can actually motivate the client to help herself. The client was also encouraged to further happen her studies.For the medical help for Sanaas kids, the trainee decided to take them to a BMC Hospital. After waiting in the queue for two-and-half hours outside the OPD for Skin Diseases, Naseer was diagnosed, medicines were prescribed and the doctor asked to sour him in the coming week for follow-up. The prescribed medicines were not available in the hospitals pharmacy. So, the medicines were bought from outside. Naseer was also examined for his swollen abdomen. The doctor told that there is a uncertainness of him suffering from Langerhans cell Histiocytosis (LCH) and hence he engages to be admitted. Sanaa was apprehensive about admitting Naseer, since she would not be able to afford it. The trainee could observe an expression of care on her face. It was time for the trainee to counsel her about the urgent need to get her countersign admitted. On the way back home, while talking to the client, the trainee found out that Sanaas mother wants her to quit the teaching job since its taking a lot of her time and it becomes difficult for her mother to handle three kids when Sanaas is out for work in the afternoon school. As an alternative, her mother had suggested her to take up tailoring work. For the same, she expressed the need for a sewing machine.So now, there was a need to look for a donor for Nasee rs treatment and for the machine. The supervisor suggested that Sanaas case can be referred to another organization who is involved into such kind of work. After brainstorming, the trainee decided to refer Sanaas case to MESCO an organization in Mumbra.The visit to MESCO turned out to be quite fruitful. In the meeting with its representatives, it was planned that the after submitting required documents the financial assistance would be provided for Naseers treatment. However, one constraint was that MESCO provides help only on first three eld of every month so the trainee had to really pace up the process of arranging all the documents. For Sanaas tailoring venture, the representative mentioned that she will have to step up for a skill test after which she would be given a sewing machine.The documentation process can actually kill a lot of time and the trainee already had limited one in hand, since the end of the field work for the year was approaching. After running from post-t o-post for one signature from the doctor at the hospital, trainee had a cost certificate in hand which turned out to be of no use since the social worker at the hospital asked to get another one for the total estimated cost of treatment, running around for which was postponed to another week by the doctor. In the meantime, the student was struggling with herself as to fuck off a way to convince the client to get her son admitted. Every week he was falling ill and the medicine for the skin disease seemed to have an gear up only in the first week. Follow-ups to the doctor after that did not make much of a difference. This led the trainee to ponder as to why this was happening and the scheme was that it is possible that the skin disease could be a symptom of LCH. After reading up on LCH, the doubt was confirmed. For weeks, Naseer was being treated for the symptom exactly now the field work year was over So what should one do in such a situation? The client cannot be left midway in the helping process. It raises a lot of ethical issues.STAGES IN WORKING WITH INDIVIDUALS1. Social Study 2. Social Assessment 3. Intervention 4. Termination 5. military ratingThe initial description of the case is clearly a Social Study of Sanaas case. Social Study is a systematic study of the client and her/his pile in relation to her/his problem Information is collected and organised with go steady to the following Problems (the initially stated problem and associated problems if any), Age, sex, marital status, Educational qualification, Nature of employment, income, health conditions, Personality features, Home and neighbourhood, Family constellation, Family history (significant events, attitudes,relationships, etc.). Sanaas case was constantly assessed for the purpose of necessary intervention. Each course of action had to be simultaneously evaluated to check for loopholes. However, the case cannot be called to have reached the termination. But the intervention done so far ha s proved to be be fruitful to the extent that Sanaa took up a job on her when encouraged and motivated. The trainee could locate an organization who could provide her with a machine for starting tailoring work and fund the treatment of her child. Naseer did receive some OPD treatment, which revealed the need for a long term treatment. The trainee was also able to facilitate the process of providing legal assistance to the client.TOOLS TECHNIQUESTools can be defined as the ways through which a particular profession, occupation or form of trade is practiced. In social casework, tools are the means of establishing and developing contact with the clients. Through casework tools, one can have access to the information about the client, her concerns, her family, her environment. The student made use of all the five casework tools, namely, Listening, Observation, Relationship, Home-Visit and Interview. According to Grace Mathew, the last three tools mentioned here, are the conduct to mak e the casework techniques operative. Mathew has defined casework techniques as the systematic procedures of helping. These are- Acceptance, Assurance, Facilitation of Expression of Feelings, ,Allaying over functioning feelings, Accrediting and Building Self-Confidence, Encouragement and Reassurance, Being with the Client, Emotional Support, Action-Oriented Support. Then Grace Mathew listed down certain other techniques for the purpose of enhancing resources. These are Providing or Procuring Material Help, Change of Physical Environment, Enhancing Information and Knowledge. There are also techniques for changing the internal processes- Counselling techniques (Reflective Discussion, Advice, Motivation, Clarification, and Correcting Perception), Anticipatory Guidance, Modelling, agency Playing, Reality Orientation, Remove Guilt Feelings and using them constructively, Interpretation, Partialisation, Universalisation, Setting Limits, Confrontation, Reaching Out, Renewing Family Links, Improving Communication Patterns, Changing Attitudes.Listening as a tool is good only if it is active and attentive to understand the clients emotions and to know what she/he is conveying. Effective listening is facilitated by maintaining an eye contact with the client. Distractions, wool conclave and selective listening obstruct the listening process.Observation is used in casework to note the clients facial expression, body language and signs of uneasiness in the process of interaction with the client.Relationship between the worker an the client is a professional one and is positive in nature. The positivity of the relationship is manifest in the rapport the social worker has with the client.Home Visit is an instrument, which alters the social worker to verify the facts of the case being handled. It also conveys a message to the client about the social workers interest in his/her welfare. Sometimes home-visits can be be highly revealing and at times, whitethorn change the sh ape of the course. The facts me be turned upside down.Interview facilitates face-to-face interaction between the caseworker and the client. The objectives in such an interaction are to obtain information from the client or to impart some to the client, to study and assess the situation of the clients problem unique to her/him and to give assistance.Drawing from the above case, first of all the caseworker had to evoke the confidence of the client since the constant victimization to the domestic violence had made her doubt her own capabilities. The client had to be told that she can regain her preoccupied confidence by keeping herself busy and taking up a job. She was encouraged and motivated enough to take up the teaching job again. The caseworker has been working towards making provision for material help for the treatment of kids and for the required equipment so that she can take up tailoring work at home. The caseworker did a lot of advocacy work in Sanaas case such as visiting the hospital for procuring the certificate, meeting with the referral organizations representatives for want financial assistance for the client. Many counseling techniques as Correcting Perception, Advice, Removing Guilt Feelings, Universalisation were made use of. In the beginning, when the Home-Visit was made the caseworker advised Sanaa on the way to come out of her situation, how the agency would facilitate the process. When her son was taken for treatment, so due to waiting in the long queues and the whole documentation process of OPD treatment, Sanaa started feeling censurable that why did she marry in the first place, had she not married she would not have had to face such problems. In such a situation, she had to be told that marriage was not the fault and she does not need to be guilty about something for which she is not responsible. She was married off to a man, the background and other details of whom were not at all confirmed by her family. As it came to the caseworke rs amazement while talking to the clients mother, the latter used to see a girl frequently in the locality and got acquainted with her and on her proposal, married off her daughter to her brother. When the caseworker asked the client to get an income proof from her school, without which she would not have received financial assistance from the referral organization, she did not do so for weeks despite repeated reminders. The social worker had to then step in and find out what the matter was and what came out was that she had a misconception about it. The client thought that if she would submit an income proof, then she would not be provided any help since, according to her, they may think if she is earning then she does not need help. The caseworker then had to correct her perception that the income proof is a formality and because her income is meager to afford the treatment of her son she would definitely be provided with financial assistance. Once the client was very thwarted wit h herself. At that time, the caseworker brought to light the examples of many other woman who have been and who are in worse situation than hers.THEORETICAL APPROACHES USEDThe student trainee made use of the Empowerment and Advocacy Approach. It has been said that empowerment seeks to help clients gain power of decision and action over their own lives by reducing the effect of social or personal blocks to existing power, by increasing capacity and bureau to use power and by transferring power from the environment to clients. Advocacy seeks to represent the interests of the powerless clients to correctly individuals and structures. For Furlong, empowerment is an essential objective of casework because it avoids a crude polarization of social action and individualized perspectives, placing work with individuals and families in a context of concern for social objectives. In 1994, Anderson et al, presented a model of empowerment for social culture in Africa concerned with the five d imensions of practice personal, social, educational, economic and political. These dimensions are intertwined with each other and looking at them so allows people to meet individual ask (personal power), improve their capacity to influence others (interpersonal power), which in turn creates an ability to influence the power distribution more widely (political power). Rees came up with a set of ideas with regard to empowerment, viz., a) biography b) power c) Political understanding d) Skills e) Interdependence of Policy and Practice. For Rees, the basic aim of empowerment is social justice, greater security, political and social equality to people, through mutual support and shared learning. Kondrat emphasized upon the value of local knowledge, specifically the one coming from the clients. One intricacy of advocacy lies in the duality of its interrelate meanings of representation. The representation in advocacy is in term of the acting and arguing for the interests of the clients. However, for Phillip (1979), advocacy entails representation in terms of interpreting and displaying the value of clients to the powerful groups in the society. Advocacy, in part, is said to be an aspect of empowerment, since it can be used to argue for resources, or change the interpretation which powerful groups make of clients. Andersons model of empowerment was crucial for application in Sanaas case, since socio-economic, personal and educational aspects were focused upon at the level of assessment as well as intervention.The caseworker also made use of Reess understanding of empowerment in terms of the Skill enhancement. The clients tailoring skills was tapped on to enable her choose a suitable livelihood option. Advocacy work was also done by initiating the process of legal assistance and facilitating the process of financial assistance by MESCO.CHALLENGES, DILEMMAS RESISTANCEOne of the challenges encountered was that not all three kids could be taken for consultation togethe r since no one from the clients family could abide by her to the hospital. So there was a lack in terms of human resources. Social Case Work Practice is a huge responsibility, especially when any form of medical intervention is involved, especially, when ones target system involves infants. Another challenge was the unavailability of the prescribed medicines in municipal hospitals pharmacy. Those who cannot afford to buy the expensive medicines from outside are not even able to start the treatment. At the macro level, this remains a big loophole in the health care sector of the country. It is an obstacle for the low-income group in accessing health care services. This also paralyses the government health care sector at a very basic level. Looking for a donor or an organisation where Sanaas case could be referred for another challenge.The biggest ethical dilemma was about the release the treatment process midway. The follow-up in the case is being planned to overcome the dilemma.Th e client has been very resistant to the idea of admitting the child in the hospital despite repeated reassurance that the financial assistance would be taken care of.

Media In Malaysia Like Rtm Media Essay

Media In Malaysia Like Rtm Media Essay1 Malaysia concept (1 Malaysia) was fall in by the incumbent Prime minister, DatoSri Najib Razak upon taking office on 3rd April 2009. The goals to present this indemnity is to unite the realm, to form the equity in the economic dimension, grow the social cohesion and as well as off sure the people live in harmony and peace between diametrical races (1 Malaysia.com , 2009). According to the Malaysias Prime minister of religion Najib Tun Abdul Razak, Satu Malaysia means the mutual respect between the different races in Malaysia and also to contri merelye to the success of vision 2020.According to the research done by the Merdeka tension on for Opinion Research, conducted from 19 June 2012 until the 1st of July, there be over 75% of Malaysian aw atomic number 18 to this policy with 23% of people agree that it help to move on the unity among races and 18% of people think nonp aril Malaysia concept is about the equitable among the di fferent races in nation. Besides, this survey shows that 46% respondents agreed the One Malaysia policy would be able to achieve the objectives, the rest are not agree with it, which mean there are over 50% of respondent are not stock-still aware and understand about the policy. The survey proved the majority of respondent felt that the government has successfully creating awareness on the Satu Malaysia concept among the nation, but this concept is not completely digested by all the Malaysians.As we know, mainstream media utilize by government to create awareness on the One Malaysia concept, and used on enhance the acceptance of the concept by the citizen of Malaysia. Mainstream media plays an important role to give information, report news and educate the audience about government policies, curiously in the pluralism society alike(p) Malaysia. Mainstream media do not differentiate between our citizens on the basis of their background or ethnic origin, the media intimatelyly d eliver the meat in the different languages like Bahasa Malaysia, Chinese, Tamil and English. For fount, there are different bring in mainstream TV channels to broadcast the news programs with different languages, even the One Malaysia programs also concur different version of languages. This is to make sure all the citizens can receive the information that they can easily to understand.The mainstream media in Malaysia like RTM, Media Prima and Bernama are controlled by government, and the substitute(a) media like MalaysiaKini and The Insider are the popular news site to report the unvarnished news and fount in Malaysia. Athough the alternative media occupy the small section of media in Malaysia, it still have a lots of audience an supporter compare to the mainstream media.Mainstream media used to promote the One Malaysia concept, for example the newspaper as tools to publish Malaysian government propaganda. Every day, there are many newspapers published mainly in Bahasa Malays ia, Chinese, Tamil and English, near of them are government-controlled. Mainstream newspaper report on either stunts of the One Malaysia policy and emphasis provided on the benefit of the concept and projects, it never reveal or focus on the negative side of the policy. For example One Malaysia submit, one of the project by KARISMA. When the project was finally launched, the mainstream newspaper mostly report on how the 1M store can benefit to citizen and set it as headline or give the news a wide space in layout, but when the criticism annul because of the low quality of One Malaysias products, newspaper only publish out the news with small space or never appear. It shows the mainstream media are partial and only shows what they want to show and filtered the important information before publish out.Another example like RTM, local television channels licensed to broadcast in Malaysia, it used by government to promote the policy too. TV station allow broadcast the video clips a bout One Malaysia concept, for example the one Malaysias advertisement. For every important day like Merdekas Day, TV will Keep showing the One Malaysia Merdeka advertisement and Satu Malaysia theme song to make a strong stupefying on the audience. Besides, mainstream media will report about the major issuance of 1 Malaysia that happen in town, for example the Sitiawans Chinese New year Open House. This CNY event was live broadcasted through RTM1, and it successfully gets a wide coverage in Malaysia and even the reporter of CCTV from China attended to make a live report. This event is for the CNY celebration and help to foster unity among the various races in Malaysia, by showing this event on TV, it help to promote the One Malaysia concept and also to gain support from the chinese community, so that the One Malaysia concept can be widely accepted in nation.Nowadays, mainstream media especially free to air TV channels and radio station now losing a large numbers of audiences and r eaders, the credibility of mainstream media was suspected. People will not totally accept the messages of mainstream media before control the facts through online. or so Malaysians are now create more polite and wiser to distinguish the facts, people start to search information through online, and they verify and plunk for the facts before accepting the truth. One of the hot topics was the censored news of Bersih 3.0 on 28th April 2012. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and ASTRO (Malaysian pay TV station) broadcasted the two different version of news, the BBCs original broadcast been censored and the inter cipher of the respondent about Bersih 3.0 filtered by Astro. This video clip will not appear on the mainstream media channels like RTM1. Astro is not government-owned media, but it is indirectly control by the government. This shows that most of the media in Malaysia have no freedom, the reporting is not true and be slanting towards one side which is the dominant gr oup.In my own opinion, although the mainstream media occupy most of the media space in Malaysia, it is not powerful enough to commute people bear in mind and influence on the behavior of citizens, this probably because of the distortion of truth and biasness of mainstream media. Nowadays, more and more people start to voice out and express themselves in cyberspace. It shows the potent power of social networking sites. The example of social networking sites like facebook, blog, twitter and YouTube are now becoming the source to get news and information, especially the unvarnished news. Most people said that the mainstream media tell lies and partial, they rather believe the alternative media instead of biased reporting.According to the limited effects theory by Lazarsfeld, media are not powerful enough to influence on individuals which is also known as limited effect perspective. He also claims that the heavy media users were the mortal whose advice was beingness held by others. Thus, the heavy media users will become the gatekeepers and opinion leaders. Opinion leaders used to advice the followers and this is later known as the two timber flow.The Prime Minister in Malaysia, Dato Sri Najib Razak as the opinion leader and also a heavy media user, he created a website called 1Malaysia with a tagline The Personal Website of DatoSri Najib Razak to provide a place for bluff discussion and also to encourage the acceptance of One Malaysia concept by the citizens of Malaysia. The website now become one of the mainstream media in Malaysia, it always shows on the top of Google pageboy for the keywords One Malaysia. He understands the influential power of internet, and also the less popular of mainstream media, he started to take part in social networking sites like Twitter, Facebook and blog, all of these sites have gathered over millions of followers. Our Prime Minister act as the opinion leader not only for the real life but also in the cyberspace, this is on e of the ways he used to promote the One Malaysia concept and influence his followers. This is known as two step flow. The message about One Malaysia concept share from mainstream media in Malaysia can easily reach to audience but this does not mean the mainstream media can influence people to accept the policy, the most influential things is the idea of opinion leader instead of mainstream media . Another example like the critic or commenter who bombard the biasness of mainstream media will be viewed as the nation hero and opinion leader, for example Namwee. He has a huge of followers on facebook, he act as the opinion leader to critic the biasness of media and also the BN politicians. His opinion could influence his followers because people craving of hearing the actual truth about the government leaders and policies.According to Lazarsfeld, media rarely had power to change people mind because it is almost always mediated by the individual differences. Individual influences in psy chological make ups cause media influence to vary from person to person. Everyone has different ideas, mainstream media only can deliver the messages or information of One Malaysia concept to the citizens but not powerful enough to influence people finale, and make people accept to the concept. This is because audiences have the right to choose what to expose, this is known as selective process.The selective process, information that is inconsistent with a person already held attitudes will create psychological discomfort or cognitive dissonance. People generally work to keep their knowledge of themselves and their knowledge of the world somewhat consistent via selective processes. People tend to avoid the cognitive dissonance after made a decision. Thus people will avoid the facts that can prove the decision was wrong, so the more potential dissonance, the more we tend to avoid. People will denial and pretend that they never seen the evidence. Because of people have right to choos e what to expose in mainstream medias messages, the One Malaysia concept cannot be completely accepted by the citizens. The mainstream media in Malaysia keep promoting the concept, but this policy might not the ideal policy to some of the citizens, they can choose to deny the message or choose to remember some part of the concept they like. In the selective process, there are three form of selectivity, for example the selective exposure, selective retention and also the selective retention.Selective exposure, people tend to expose themselves to information that same to their pre-existing attitudes and doctrine. For example, the mainstream TV station RTM1 broadcast the One Malaysia program, audiences can choose not to watch the program and switch to another channels if they dont agree with the concept or not interested to the information. This is because they obey to their subconscious and dont want to change the pre-existing belief.Selective retention, people tend to remember the best and interested messages that are most meaningful to them. For example, the mainstream media keep showing the benefit of One Malaysias projects, the IPT students only choose to remember the stunts of One Malaysia Siswa Card (KADS1M), because this project is benefit to them and help them to reduce the cursory cost of living, they only pay attention and accept the message that can fulfill their demands.Selective perception, people will change the meaning of messages so that they become consistent with pre-existing attitudes and belief. For example, When media shows the advertisement of 1Malaysia store and promote the products, audience will think purchasing 1Mproduct is a stupid action because in their pre-existing belief One Malaysia products are low quality and they never consider to purchase those products. These three forms of selectivity show media cannot control how audience think, how audience act and even accept to the One Malaysia concept.The ways the mainstream media ar e used to promote the acceptance of the One Malaysia concept successfully creating awareness among the Malaysian, but this does not mean that people are completely admit the concept and support the idea of the policy. As we all know, the mainstream media actually under controlled by the dominant group, the government and The Barisan National. No one assume to eject or deny the government policy, they remain silence since they have no freedom to speak out the idea, and they scare to bear the consequences of against government so they choose to admit it, for example the preventive detention law. So people remain silence because they think their views are in minority but in fact there is no one to speak out their opinion. According to the Spiral of Silence theory by Neumann (1974), a people view control the public scene and others disappeared from the public awareness as it adherents became silent. People fear of being isolation and know what actions and behaviors should take to avoid their likelihood of being socially isolated. For example, some people tend to keep their negative opinion toward the government policy to themselves when they think they are in the minority. This context is called Spiral of Silence.In conclusion, mainstream media in Malaysia are not powerful enough to change people mind, but it do have certain influence. Therefore, under the assumption of the two step flow process, selective process, and the Spiral of Silence theory, the messages of the mainstream media would not be able to reach the citizen directly. Thus, the effect of the mainstream media in Malaysia is considered as limited effect. In my opinion, the government has successfully creating awareness on the policy among the citizens of Malaysia through the mainstream media, but not the acceptance of the concept. The completely acceptance of the concept among nation might happen if there is no partial and biased information from the mainstream media, if media are more control by the dominant group, the less trust of Malaysias citizens can give to the mainstream media.